The number of times that a periodic function or vibration repeats itself in a specified time, often 1 second

Data Storage is a general term for archiving data in electromagnetic or other forms for use by a computer or Device. Analysis refers to the process whereby data is futher studied to gain a better understanding of it

The practice of developing computer software in a way that guards against the accidental introduction of security vulnerabilities

A specific use to which something is put

An electrical device which converts electric power into radio waves, and vice versa

The chapter discusses how IoT based machine-to-machine communications can assist medical imaging providers to improve quality and decrease cost of their operations.

IoT Elements

Communication Technologies

• Ethernet
  A family of computer networking technologies commonly used in local area networks (LAN), metropolitan area networks (MAN) and wide area networks (WAN).
• Wide area network
  A telecommunications network or computer network that extends over a large geographical distance
• WiFi
  A technology for wireless local area networking with devices based on the IEEE 802.11 standards

Applications

• Picture and communications systems
• Analytics software
• Imaging modalities
• Cloud-based storage and processing

Target Market

• Multi-site imaging departments in the integrated delivery networks

Relevant Standards

• DICOM
  A standard for handling, storing, printing, and transmitting information in medical imaging
• HL7
  A set of international standards for transfer of clinical and administrative data between software applications used by various healthcare providers

The residential market vertical spans multiple types of dwelling, categorized by varying footprints and ownership structures (Single family, multi-family, detached, condominium, apartments, etc…). Although the level of IoT penetration and complexity varies by the type of dwelling, the application space targets the same goals. Efficiency and convenience IoT functionality is implemented by combinations of sensing, monitoring, automation (control) and notification.

The application covers systems that include lighting, security, HVAC, power delivery, entertainment and is increasingly extending into appliances and fixtures of all types.

IoT Elements

Communication Technologies

The residential market includes various technologies including wired and wireless communication and control. Wireless technologies tend to dominate, and include standard and proprietary protocols including, but not limited to:

• Personal Area networks: point to point communication (e.g. IEEE 802.15.1 Bluetooth, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE))
  A computer network used for data transmission amongst devices such as computers, telephones, tablets and personal digital assistants.
• Mesh networks, generally IEEE 802.15.4 Wireless Personal Area Networks implementations and similes including Zigbee and Zwave
  A mesh network is a network topology in which each node relays data for the network.
• Local Area Networks (Point to multi-point): Ethernet (WiFi), Enocean
  A computer network that interconnects computers within a limited area such as a residence, school, laboratory, university campus or office building and has its network equipment and interconnects locally managed
• Wide Area networks including cellular
  A telecommunications network or computer network that extends over a large geographical distance

Attributes

System Protocols

The residential market is generally dominated by consumer and standard communication protocols that are characterized by low cost and availability:

• Ethernet (LAN, WiFi) 802.11 WLAN
• Personal and Small area Networks
  • Bluetooth, BLE (IEEE 802.15.1)
    A wireless personal area network technology designed and marketed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group intended to provide considerably reduced power consumption while maintaining a similar communication range as Bluetooth.
  • Mesh 802.15.4
    A technical standard which defines the operation of low-rate wireless personal area networks.
  • Zigbee
    An IEEE 802.15.4-based specification for a suite of high-level communication protocols used to create personal area networks with small, low-power digital radios.
  • Z-Wave
    A wireless communications protocol used primarily for home automation
• Cellular and Broadband
  • Mobile broadband
    The marketing term for wireless Internet access through a portable modem, mobile phone, USB wireless modem, tablet or other mobile devices
  • 3G
    3G short for third generation, is the third generation of wireless mobile telecommunications technology
  • 4G
    4G short for fourth generation, is the fourth generation of wireless mobile telecommunications technology.
  • 5G
    5G short for fifth generation represents the proposed next generation of wireless mobile telecommunications technology
  • Long Term Evolution (LTE)
    A standard for high-speed wireless communication for mobile phones and data terminals, based on the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)/Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) and Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) /High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) technologies.
• Proprietary Wireless Networks

Another relevant Residential question relates to the User Interface/Home Automation Systems that control IoT devices. There are several vendor specific/proprietary stand-alone systems, but the major drivers currently are the integrated systems that manage multiple devices across protocols and systems. Some of the key systems are

• Amazon Echo (Alexa)
  A smart speaker developed by Amazon which connects to the voice-controlled intelligent personal assistant service Alexa.
• Apple HomeKit
  A framework for communicating with and controlling connected accessories in a user’s home
• Google: Home
  A complex of three devices (a speaker, the Al personal assistant, and the smart controller), all in one.
• NEST
  A manufacturer of smart home safety products (i.e. thermostats, smoke alarms)
• Samsung SmartThings
  An open platform for smart homes

Applications

Appliance Controls: Individual appliances are increasingly connected and provide notification and control options

• Kitchen appliances:
  • Refrigerator: Sensing of temperature and contents. Notification of shopping list items. Customized temperature profile by content/location
  • Oven/Stove/Grill: Sensing feedback for appliance and food status. Cook to exact desired temperature
• Washer/Dryer: Intelligent wash and dry cycles and notification. Integrated into smart grid to optimize wash/dry times for lowest energy costs
• Windows and Window Treatment: respond to changing lighting conditions and user preference
• Landscape irrigation and controls
• Automated cleaning appliances

Entertainment

• Audio streaming
• Video streaming
• Gaming
• Integrated space controls

HVAC

• Environmental monitoring and conditioning
• Furnace controls
• Air-conditioning controls
• Thermostats

Lighting Control

• Indoor lighting
• Outdoor & landscape lighting
• Luminaires
• Stand-alone fixtures

Misc. Monitoring

• Water detection
• Fuel level monitoring

Power Delivery

• Load controls
• Outlet controls
• Integration of renewable and storage
• Automotive Charging
• Utility and smart meters
• Submeters

Security and Access Controls

• Door locks
• Security cameras
• Security sensors
• Garage door opener

Target Market

• Single family homes
• Multi family dwellings
• Communities
• Apartment and high rise buildings

Relevant Standards

• IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
  A collection of IEEE standards defining the physical layer and data link layer’s media access control (MAC) of wired Ethernet.
• IEEE 802.11 Wireless Local Area Networks
  A set of media access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specifications for implementing wireless local area network (WLAN) computer communication in the 900 MHz and 2.4, 3.6, 5, and 60 GHz frequency bands.
• IEEE 802.15.1 Wireless Personal Area Networks (Bluetooth™)
  Bluetooth is an industry specification for short-range radio frequency (RF)-based connectivity for portable personal devices
• IEEE 802.15.4 Wireless Personal Area Networks
  A technical standard which defines the operation of low-rate wireless personal area networks. It serves as the basis for the Zigbee and Thread specifications

The industrial market vertical is characterized by three prevailing application areas – discrete, continuous, and hybrid applications.

• Discrete applications are often referred to as factory automation or factory systems. The output of discrete operations are individual pieces or “discrete parts,” often manufactured in machines that stamp, form, cut, print, mold, and/or package the raw materials into usable or sellable parts.
• Continuous applications convert raw materials into usable or sellable product through, most often, chemical transformations without interruption. The product has no measureable beginning or end and is constantly being produced.
• Hybrid applications are combinations of discrete and process operations.  Batch processing is a good example of a hybrid process.  In batch processing, discrete amounts of materials are loaded into a vessel or similar piece of equipment, combined together as a mixture or with a catalyst to generate a chemical reaction, and then discharged from the vessel as a usable or sellable product.  Hybrid applications are often combined with discrete applications to create products such as bottled or canned beverages, food products, pharmaceuticals, and similar packaged goods.

IoT Elements

Communication Technologies

The industrial market applies a range of wired and wireless communication technologies ranging from licenses band radio communications to serial busses to open Ethernet standards.  The predominant communication technologies are as follows:

• Proprietary/Vendor-specific
• Serial (e.g., RS-232, RS-485, Universal Serial Bus (USB))
• Controller Area Network (CAN)
  A vehicle bus standard designed to allow microcontrollers and devices to communicate with each other in applications without a host computer.
• Personal area networks (e.g., low power wireless mesh such as IEEE 802.15.4, or Bluetooth IEEE 802.15.1)
  A computer network used for data transmission amongst devices such as computers, telephones, tablets and personal digital assistants.
• Local area networks (e.g., Ethernet (IEEE 802.3) and WiFi (IEEE 802.11))
  A computer network that interconnects computers within a limited area such as a residence, school, laboratory, university campus or office building and has its network equipment and interconnects locally managed
• Wide area networks and beyond (e.g. WiMax, cellular, satellite and others)
  A telecommunications network or computer network that extends over a large geographical distance

Attributes

System Protocols

The industrial market is characterized by a wide range of communication protocols, many of which are standardized in IEC 61158 and IEC 61784.  A partial list of industrial protocols includes:

• ASi-bus
  AS-i (Actuator Sensor Interface) is a bus made up of sensors and actuators with a very short response time. AS-i is an open industry standard supported by the AS-i association.
• CC-Link
  CC-Link is open industrial network that enables devices from numerous manufacturers to communicate.
• ControlNet
  ControlNet is an open industrial network protocol for industrial automation applications.
• DeviceNet
  DeviceNet is a digital, multi-drop network that connects and serves as a communication network between industrial controllers and I/O devices. It was developed for maximum flexibility between field equipment and interoperability among different manufacturers.
• EtherCAT
  EtherCAT is a real-time Industrial Ethernet technology (included in IEC standard IEC 61158) that is suitable for hard and soft real-time requirements in automation technology, in test and measurement and many other applications.
• EtherNet/IP
  EtherNet/IP is an industrial network protocol that adapts the Common Industrial Protocol to standard Ethernet
• Ethernet POWERLINK
  Ethernet POWERLINK is a Real-Time Ethernet field bus system. It is based on the Fast Ethernet Standard IEEE 802.3.
• Foundation Fieldbus
  FOUNDATION fieldbus is an all-digital, two-way communications system that serves as a Local Area Network (LAN) for factory instrumentation and control devices.
• HART
  HART (Highway Addressable Remote Transducer) protocol is a widely accepted standard for digitally enhanced communication with instrumentation within the process industries.
• IO-Link
  IO-Link is a point-to-point serial communication protocol used to communicate with sensors and/or actuators.
• ISA100.11a
  ISA100.11a is a wireless personal area networking (WPAN) technology standard developed by the International Society of Automation (ISA).
• Modbus TCP
  MODBUS TCP/IP is a variant of the MODBUS family of simple, vendor-neutral communication protocols intended for supervision and control of automation equipment.
• OPC UA
  OPC Unified Architecture (OPC UA) is a machine to machine communication protocol for industrial automation developed by the OPC Foundation.
• PROFIBUS
  PROFIBUS is the fieldbus-based automation standard of PROFIBUS & PROFINET International (PI).
• PROFINET
  PROFINET is an industry technical standard for data communication over Industrial Ethernet, designed for collecting data from, and controlling, equipment in industrial systems.
• Sercos
  SERCOS (Serial Real-time Communications System) is an internationally-approved communication standard for motion control (IEC 61491).
• WIA-FA
  WIA-FA is a specification developed for the Wireless Network for Industrial Automation – Factory Automation.
• WIA-PA
  An industrial wirless communication standard
• WirelessHART
  A wireless sensor networking technology based on the  Highway Addressable Remote Transducer Protocol (HART)
• Zigbee
  An IEEE 802.15.4-based specification for a suite of high-level communication protocols used to create personal area networks with small, low-power digital radios.

Applications

Applications can be described according to the type of application areas.  Typical examples include:

• Discrete
  • Additive manufacturing/3D printing
  • Automated assembly
  • Blow molding
  • Canning and bottling
  • Injection molding
  • Metal cutting
  • Metal forging
  • Metal forming
  • Packaging
• Process
  • Cement kilning
  • Chemical manufacturing
  • Glass making
  • Iron making
  • Natural gas processing
  • Paper manufacturing
  • Power generation
  • Refining
  • Steel making
  • Water treatment
• Hybrid
  • Beverage mixing
  • Brewing
  • Dough mixing
  • Food processing
  • Paint mixing
  • Paint reacting
  • Pharmaceutical processing
  • Rubber mixing

Target Market

Well-known industrial market targets include:

• Automotive
• Chemicals
• Entertainment
• Fibers and textiles
• Food and beverage
• Household and personal care
• Infrastructure
• Life sciences
• Marine
• Metals, mining and cement
• Oil and gas
• Power generation
• Print and publishing
• Pulp and paper
• Semiconductor
• Tire and rubber
• Water and wastewater

Relevant Standards

A partial list of relevant industry standards for industrial includes:

• IEC 61158 Industrial communication networks – Fieldbus specifications
  A standard that specifies Fieldbus which is the name of a family of industrial computer network protocols used for real-time distributed control.
• IEC 61784  Industrial communication networks – Profiles
  A standard that defines a set of protocol specific communication profiles based primarily on the IEC 61158 series, to be used in the design of devices involved in communications in factory manufacturing and process control
• IEC 61850 Communication networks and systems for power utility automation
  A standard for the design of electrical substation automation
• IEC 62439  Industrial communication networks – High availability automation networks
  A standard that is applicable to high-availability automation networks based on the ISO/IEC 8802-3 (Ethernet) technology
• IEC 62443  Industrial communication networks – Network and system security
  A technical specification which defines the terminology, concepts and models for Industrial Automation and Control Systems (IACS) security
• IEC 62657 Industrial communication networks – Wireless communication networks
  A technical specification which provides the wireless communication requirements dictated by the applications of wireless communication systems in industrial automation, and requirements of related context
• IEEE 802.1 LAN/MAN Standards Committee 
  A committee of the IEEE Standards Associateion that focuses on Local Area Networks (LAN)/Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN) Architectures. Specifically: Architectures, Internetworking, Link Security, Overall Network Management, and Protocol Layers above the Media Access Control (MAC) and Logical Link Control (LLC) Layers
• IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
  A collection of IEEE standards defining the physical layer and data link layer’s media access control (MAC) of wired Ethernet.
• IEEE 802.11 Wireless Local Area Networks
  A set of media access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specifications for implementing wireless local area network (WLAN) computer communication in the 900 MHz and 2.4, 3.6, 5, and 60 GHz frequency bands.
• IEEE 802.15.1 Wireless Personal Area Networks (Bluetooth™)
  Bluetooth is an industry specification for short-range radio frequency (RF)-based connectivity for portable personal devices
• IEEE 802.15.4 Wireless Personal Area Networks 
  A technical standard which defines the operation of low-rate wireless personal area networks. It serves as the basis for the Zigbee and Thread specifications

The Commercial and Intelligent Building Systems market vertical includes the following types of buildings: office, retail, educational, healthcare, and hospitality ranging in size from small shops/offices to the largest towers.
Services covered may include lighting, heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC), access control, security, video surveillance, fire alarm and sprinklers, elevator control, audio, and others.

IoT Elements

Communication Technologies

Wired and wireless local area and personal area networks:

• Wired
  • ANSI C82.11 0-10 V dimming
    A standard for high-frequency lighting ballasts that have rated open-circuit voltages of 2,000 volts or less and are intended to operate at a supply frequency of 50 or 60 Hz.
  • ASHRAE 135 (BACnet)
    BACnet, the ASHRAE building automation and control networking protocol, was designed to meet the communication needs of building automation and control systems.
  • Digital Addressable Lighting Interface (DALI)
    A protocol that enables easy and intelligent management of lighting equipment.
  • Ethernet and Power over Ethernet
    Ethernet is a family of computer networking technologies commonly used in local area networks (LAN), metropolitan area networks (MAN) and wide area networks (WAN).
    Power over Ethernet or PoE describes any of several standardized or ad-hoc systems which pass electric power along with data on twisted pair Ethernet cabling.
  • Proprietary/Vendor-specific
• Wireless
  • Bluetooth
    A wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances from fixed and mobile devices, and building  personal area networks.
  • EnOcean
    EnOcean provides reliable and self-powered wireless sensor solutions for the Internet of Things.
  • IEEE 802.15.4
    A technical standard which defines the operation of low-rate wireless personal area networks. It serves as the basis for the Zigbee and Thread specifications
  • Proprietary/Vendor-specific
  • Thread
    Thread is a smart home/building networking protocol based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard
  • WiFi
    A technology for wireless local area networking with devices based on the IEEE 802.11 standards
  • Zigbee
    An IEEE 802.15.4-based specification for a suite of high-level communication protocols used to create personal area networks with small, low-power digital radios.
• Optical
  • IEEE 802.15.7 Visible Light Communication
    A standard for the use of visible light for secure data transmission.

Attributes

System Protocols

• BACnet
  A widely-used data communication protocol for building automation and control networks
• Ethernet (LAN, WiFi) 802.11 WLAN
• Personal and Small area Networks
  • Bluetooth, BLE (IEEE 802.15.1)
    A wireless personal area network technology designed and marketed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group intended to provide considerably reduced power consumption while maintaining a similar communication range as Bluetooth.
  • Mesh 802.15.4
    A technical standard which defines the operation of low-rate wireless personal area networks.
  • Zigbee
    An IEEE 802.15.4-based specification for a suite of high-level communication protocols used to create personal area networks with small, low-power digital radios.
• Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
  An Internet-standard protocol for collecting and organizing information about managed devices on IP networks and for modifying that information to change device behavior

Applications

Services covered may include lighting, heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC), access control, security, video surveillance, fire alarm and sprinklers, elevator control, audio, and others

Target Market

Types of buildings include:

• Educational
• Healthcare
• Hospitality
• Office
• Retail

These range in size from small shops/offices to the largest towers.

Relevant Standards

• ANSI C82.11
  A standard for high-frequency lighting ballasts that have rated open-circuit voltages of 2,000 volts or less and are intended to operate at a supply frequency of 50 or 60 Hz.
• ASHRAE 135
  BACnet, the ASHRAE building automation and control networking protocol, was designed to meet the communication needs of building automation and control systems.
• Bluetooth 4.1
  A low energy implementation of the Bluetooth specification
• IEC 62386 Digital Addressable Lighting Interface (DALI)
  A protocol that enables easy and intelligent management of lighting equipment.
• IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
  A collection of IEEE standards defining the physical layer and data link layer’s media access control (MAC) of wired Ethernet.
• IEEE 802.11 Wireless Local Area Networks
  A set of media access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specifications for implementing wireless local area network (WLAN) computer communication in the 900 MHz and 2.4, 3.6, 5, and 60 GHz frequency bands.
• IEEE 802.15.4 Wireless Personal Area Networks
  A technical standard which defines the operation of low-rate wireless personal area networks. It serves as the basis for the Zigbee and Thread specifications
• IEEE 802.15.7 Visible Light Communication
  A standard for the use of visible light for secure data transmission.
• Thread 1.1
  Thread is a smart home/building networking protocol based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard
• Zigbee 3.0
  A Zigbee standard that unifies all of its wireless standards.